Vaccination: Is Covid-19 the Last Nail in the Coffin of Fiscal Year 2022?
Elon Musk, may I have you develop an algorithm to capture tweets from people who self-harm or want to commit suicide because of COVID-19. Rather, develop an algorithm that generates verification of
Here is what brings us together.
United States Supreme Court
For the most part, Hoffman et al. (2022) demonstrated that when the issue of personal liberty with respect to vaccine mandates was brought before the United States Supreme Court in the early 20th century, the Court ruled that state and municipal smallpox vaccination requirements were legal and sustained their legality.
In the first case, per Hoffman et al. (2022), which was known as Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the Supreme Court of the United States heard arguments in 1905 regarding a challenge to a smallpox vaccination order issued by the Cambridge Board of Health under Massachusetts law. Reverend Henning Jacobson brought the challenge with the support of the Anti-Vaccination Society.
The case was known as Jacobson v. Massachusetts. Jacobson argued that the government's effort to protect the public's health by issuing this order infringed on his fundamental right to freedom of expression (Hoffman et al., 2022). This argument was based on the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court, on the other hand, did not agree and upheld the law as a valid exercise of state police power to protect the community from a dangerous disease (Hoffman et al., 2022).
The 10th Amendment grants state the power to exercise police powers, which enables them to pass laws that protect the health, safety, and general welfare of their citizens. In the case of Zucht v. King, which was brought by the parents of an unvaccinated child and heard and decided in 1922, the school district was the defendant (Hoffman et al., 2022). The parents asserted that a local law that compelled vaccines for children violated the 14th Amendment's provisions of due process and equal protection. The law in question required all children to get immunizations (Hoffman et al., 2022).
Vaccination Mandates
Notably, Hoffman et al. (2022) demonstrated that several states had done away with COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the time leading up to the approval of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine on August 23, 2021, and the approval of the Moderna vaccine on January 31, 2022, respectively. The current political climate in the United States marks the first time opposition to vaccination obligations has been put into law before a vaccine has obtained full approval from the Food and Drug Administration.
In other words, Hoffman et al. (2022) affirmed that this development occurred due to the current political climate (FDA). According to the National Academy of State Health Policy, as of the beginning of May 2022, 19 states had abolished COVID-19 vaccine requirements in schools, 14 states had abolished vaccine mandates for state employees, one state had abolished vaccine mandates for private workers, and 24 states had abolished vaccine passports or other forms of evidence of immunization.
In addition, per Hoffman et al. (2022), several states have enacted legislation or taken steps that may make it more difficult for public authorities to advocate for the use of vaccinations. According to The Washington Post, in May of 2021, Dr. Michelle Fiscus, the Medical Director of Vaccine-Preventable and Infectious Disease at the Tennessee Department of Health, was fired after Republican legislators protested her decision to inform COVID-19 vaccine providers about Tennessee's Mature Minor Doctrine. This doctrine permits adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17 to receive a COVID-19 vaccine without the consent of their parents (Hoffman et al., 2022).
Increased Vulnerability
All things considered, Yin et al. (2022) demonstrated that the increased vulnerability to stress that occurs throughout adolescence may result from the many physiological, psychological, and social changes that occur during this development time. Although people of all ages experienced fears of contagion, grief over lost loved ones, and overwhelming uncertainty, children and teenagers were hit especially hard by the widespread cancellation of classes.
In essence, Yin et al. (2022) argued that adolescents face substantial academic and social development challenges due to remote learning, restrictions on social gathering, cancellation or modification of sports or clubs, and in-school events and activities. Studying may be challenging for teens for several reasons, including disrupting school habits, isolation, and a lack of support from friends and instructors, all of which can increase the anxiety many already feel about their education and future jobs.
Teenagers in affluent areas have always been under intense pressure to succeed, but allegations of a rise in anxiety, sadness, and drug use have surfaced even before the epidemic. Adolescents who are going through challenging times need to have the social support of their classmates and teachers. Compared to students receiving instruction through other modes, those receiving virtual instruction reported more mentally unhealthy days, more persistent symptoms of depression, and a higher likelihood of suicidal ideation, according to the COVID Experiences Survey, a national survey of 567 adolescents in grades 7-12 conducted in 2020 (Yin et al., 2022).
To clarify, Yin et al. (2022) demonstrated that this early study on high school anxiety indicated that 36% of pupils reported moderate to severe anxiety during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Female pupils were disproportionately affected. Despite the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7's) intention to over-detect anxiety, scores in this range are clinically significant and need further evaluation or referral to a mental health professional.
For this reason, Yin et al. (2022) indicated that since these surveys were done in the later part of 2021 when over 95% of students had gotten at least one dose of vaccine, COVID-19 may have a long-term impact on high school students' generalized anxiety. In 2020, per Yin et al. (2022), before the COVID-19 pandemic, big mental health surveys on university students included anxiety measurements. The Healthy Minds Survey 2020, a large study of American college students (N = 36,875), found that 32.2% of students had moderate to severe anxiety, with 66.6% of women and 28.2% of men. In the almost 69,000 French college student study, 30.8% more women than males experienced serious anxiety (Yin et al., 2022).
Two minor mental health surveys of American high school students included anxiety, but major surveys did not. Gazmararian et al. (2021), as cited by Yin et al. (2022). questioned two Georgia semi-urban public high schools in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic concerned 25% of pupils, with a similar gender gap (29% vs. 16%, p0.0001). 212 Vermont kids (12–17) and 662 young adults (18–25) engaged in Policy and Communication Evaluation (PACE) Vermont, an online cohort research, in the fall of 2019 and 2020. After COVID-19, adolescents' GAD-2 scores climbed from 24.3% to 28.4%, while young adults' scores increased from 35.3% to 42.2%.
Vaccine Hesitancy
All in all, Su et al. (2022) claimed that WHO estimates that there were 255,324,963 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 5,127,696 fatalities as a direct consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection that resulted in COVID-19. The catastrophic character of pandemics has led to widespread recognition of vaccination as an effective method of pandemic prevention. So far, 7,370,902,499 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have been delivered, and the list of emergency vaccinations has been extended to include eight vaccines. Immunization has a long history of success in preserving public health by preventing the spread of infectious illnesses. Nevertheless, in recent years, a sizable minority has refused vaccinations for ethical or other grounds. The World Health Organization (WHO) lists vaccine hesitancy as one of the top 10 dangers to global health because of the harm it does to the international healthcare system. A delay in accepting or rejecting immunizations, notwithstanding the availability of vaccine services, is what the World Health Organization (WHO) calls vaccine hesitancy. Many factors may contribute to skepticism about vaccines. A significant barrier to ending the COVID-19 epidemic is the refusal of pregnant women and nursing moms to get vaccinated.
As has been noted, Alfaro et al. (2022) indicated that the 2019 coronavirus 2 epidemic in severe acute respiratory syndrome killed approximately 2 million individuals worldwide. In the US it killed almost 740,000 Americans. Coronavirus infection and mortality are disproportionately prevalent among African-American and Hispanic kids and adults. The drop in COVID-19 during school closures shows the importance of children under 18 in transmission. Even while most COVID-19 instances are minor, serious consequences are possible (Alfaro et al., 2022).
By and large, Alfaro et al. (2022) reported that children often suffer from multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Concerns include long-term COVID-19, cardiovascular issues, and acute renal failure. Pediatricians are worried about unanticipated mutations and their long-term effects on children. When the highly infectious Delta variant was initially found in June 2021, hospitalizations for youngsters spiked. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that hospitalization rates for children and adolescents under 18 "almost doubled," with unvaccinated youngsters ten times higher. COVID-19-related caregiver morbidity and death may harm children beyond the virus's direct impacts (Alfaro et al., 2022).
Given these points, Alfaro et al. (2022) authenticated that COVID-19 immunization in children decreases infection rates, hospitalizations, and transmission, protecting children and their families. PCV7 and PCV13, introduced in 2007 and 2010, respectively, reduced community transmission and disease rates in children and adults. Alfaro et al. (2022) reasoned that the FDA's delay in certifying the COVID-19 vaccination for children had raised concerns regarding its safety and efficacy in youngsters. However, the CDC authorized the Pfizer-BioNTech immunization for youth 12 and older in May 2021. Three months later, their COVID-19 vaccination was FDA-approved for 16-year-olds. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was approved for 5–11-year-olds in November 2021. Johnson & Johnson utilized Moderna for emergency usage until FDA approval. On February 17, 2022, 24.4% of 5–11-year-olds and 57.0% of 12–17-year-olds were fully vaccinated. The vaccine was 90.7% effective in preventing COVID-19 symptoms in children aged 5–11 (Alfaro et al., 2022).
Since children live in families, vaccination rates and parental views are linked. Women make 80% of healthcare choices and worry more about their children's vaccines. An anonymous survey found that fewer than 52% of US mothers were willing to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. This resistance was driven by three main concerns: vaccine safety (28.4%), child immunization efficacy (32.7%), and political pressure to approve vaccines quickly (39.0%). Scientific and medical professionals must address these challenges so parents may make informed health decisions.
To overcome vaccine resistance and build herd immunity against COVID-19, identify and involve communities disproportionately affected. Alfaro et al. (2022) analyzed vaccination hesitancy and its relationship to pediatric and racial and ethnic minority groups, focusing on historical and present issues that have led to US health inequities. It explored techniques to reduce COVID-19 vaccine skepticism (Alfaro et al., 2022).
To put it differently, Gu et al. (2022) showed that COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus family, caused by SARS-CoV-2. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 epidemic a pandemic. Over 48.2 million people have been sick, and 776,536 have died with COVID-19 since the first confirmed case was found in the United States in January 2020. Marginalized populations, including the elderly, people of color, low-income families, and those involved in the criminal justice system, have borne a disproportionate burden of the COVID-19 pandemic (Gu et al., 2022).
The prison and jail system has been hit especially hard by the pandemic. Almost four times as many people in prison as in the general community have tested positive for COVID-19. More than 2,600 convicts and almost as many correctional staff members in the United States have died from complications related to infection with COVID-19. Moreover, inmates have a threefold increased risk of death from COVID-19. It is projected that by August 2020, 90 of the 100 largest epidemic clusters in the United States will have originated in correctional facilities (Gu et al., 2022).
Gu et al. (2022) showed that healthcare professionals are more likely to develop COVID-19 due to patient contact. Healthcare personnel needs a high COVID-19 immunization rate to protect themselves and their patients. Since they deal with at-risk prisoners, correctional medical professionals must be vaccinated (e.g., individuals with a high prevalence of chronic diseases). Overcrowding, poor ventilation, and rapid prisoner turnover make correctional institutions dangerous. COVID-19 is typically spread to inmates and correctional healthcare personnel. COVID-19 spreads largely in US prisons. Since March 2020, published data shows that correctional facility inmates and employees have had higher COVID-19 case rates than the general community (Gu et al., 2022).
By November 2021, 123,294 correctional officers and other personnel will have tested positive for COVID-19, and 242 will have died from it. Insufficient testing means correctional facility healthcare personnel may transport the virus to work and home, where they may spread it. Healthcare staff may impact public vaccination preparedness. Healthcare personnel's high immunization rates may promote vaccination. Healthcare personnel is trusted sources of information. Therefore a high vaccination rate among them may increase population immunization rates. Thus, COVID-19 control may depend on healthcare worker immunization (Gu et al., 2022).
The opinions of three groups of healthcare providers in the United States about vaccination against COVID-19 were surveyed (essential non-healthcare workers, general healthcare workers, and correctional healthcare workers). Gu et al. (2022) discovered that 23% of correctional healthcare staff and 17% of general healthcare workers (compared to 12%) were reluctant to be inoculated against COVID-19. According to multivariate regression models, the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among critical employees and general healthcare personnel is substantially linked with current flu vaccination, reliance on the employer for COVID-19 information, and location in the Midwest. Prison healthcare workers are more likely to get flu shots if they have received the COVID-19 vaccine. Healthcare workers' hesitancy or outright refusal to be vaccinated might be due to a lack of health knowledge or employer mistrust. The findings of this research are especially important for the United States' efforts to reach its COVID-19 vaccination goals.
Life Expectancy
As an illustration, Andrasfay & Goldman (2022) claimed that, as extensively documented, COVID-19 deaths in 2020 will cause a 1.8-year birth life expectancy fall, reversing 18 years of mortality progress. Andrasfay & Goldman (2022) expected that the widespread availability of an effective vaccination would lessen the effects of COVID-19 on life expectancy in 2021 compared to 2020. However, Andrasfay & Goldman (2022) maintained that life expectancy would not revert to pre-pandemic levels. Despite the fast introduction of multiple highly effective vaccinations, the combination of the United States comparatively low vaccine coverage with the highly transmissible Delta and Omicron versions of SARS-CoV-2 has led to new mortality spikes; by 2021, COVID-19 fatalities had exceeded 2020's by 30%. These depressing figures and the younger age distribution of fatalities in 2021 suggest that life expectancy may be lower than in 2020 due to increasing immunization rates among older people.
In 2021, per Andrasfay & Goldman (2022), US life expectancy at birth will decline by 2.2 years and at 65 by 0.8 years. Latinx lost the most birth life expectancy (-3.7 years), followed by Blacks (-3.5 years) and Whites (-0.2 years) (2.0 years). From 2020 to 2021, life expectancy at birth will drop for all races, but whites will fall the most (an additional 0.7-year decline between 2020 and 2021). Black and Latinx fatalities are minimal (0.4%) yet significant (0.5%). According to some predictions, COVID-19 will have an even more significant mortality effect on Native Americans: life expectancy at birth is anticipated to drop from 4.5 years in 2020 to 6.4 years in 2021, a fall of 1.9 years, significantly surpassing that for Black and Latino groups (Andrasfay & Goldman, 2022).
The typical newborn life expectancy for Blacks and Latinos from 2019 to 2021 is 1.8 and 1.9 times that of Whites. Minorities, especially African Americans and Latinos, dropped 2.5 times faster than Whites in 2020. The decline in life expectancy in 2021 compared to Whites is not as bad as in 2020. However, it nevertheless points to another year of substantial racial/ethnic imbalances that suggest an even worse overall effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy (Andrasfay & Goldman, 2022).
Another key point, Bayati et al. (2022) revealed that 524,467,084 COVID-19 cases and 6,285,171 fatalities occurred worldwide on May 27, 2022. The BNT162b2 vaccination helps 70-year-olds in the UK 60–70% after one dose and 90–85% after two. Vaccinated people with symptoms are 44% less likely to be hospitalized and 51% less likely to die. The vaccination reduced COVID-19 infection and symptoms by 85% 15 to 28 days after the first dose. These disparities have local and global causes. Economic, infrastructural, health system, legal and political, epidemiologic, and demographic micro-level aspects.
Bayati et al. (2022) implied that macroeconomic factors emerged along with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Studies typically included macro-level variables like GDP per capita, economic stability and status, the Covid-19 incidence rate, the Education Index, government financial support, the Human Development Index, the number of healthcare facilities (both medical and nonmedical) per capita, healthcare provision and access, and the Covid-19 death rate. In the literature, micro-level determinants include age, race/ethnicity/national origin, family income, location (urban/rural), job status, financial position, and poverty status.
Suicide Mortality Rates
To put it another way, Ljung et al. (2022) revealed that the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) effort measures health loss to improve health systems and eliminate inequities. Mental illness and suicide increase juvenile disease burden. For decades before the pandemic, communicable illnesses contributed little to total mortality rates. On January 30, 2020, the WHO classified the 2019 coronavirus pandemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. By January 2022, over 5.8 million attributable fatalities occurred, mostly among seniors. Mental health, suicide prevention, and COVID-19 are budgeted for by the Swedish Medical Products Agency. Quantifying suicide's proportional burden aids agency decision-making.
Ljung et al. (2022) asserted that the research compares suicide mortality rates in Sweden in 2020 to those in 1990 and 1999 in terms of years of life lost (YLL) by gender and age group and examines the possibility of coordinated national public health initiatives (Ljung et al., 2022). Between 2015 and 2019, 1,076 males (68.8%) and 489 women (31.2%) committed suicide. COVID-19 killed 10,650 people in 2020—53.3% male and 46.7% female. Suicide and COVID-19 were anticipated to claim 53,237 and 90,116 YLL by 2020. 1,565 of 10,650 COVID-19 fatalities were suicides. COVID-19 killed 901.16% (53,237) more people than suicide. 67.1% of YLL who committed suicide were male, but 56.4% of those who caught the virus between 9 and 19 were. 60.3% of suicide and 3.9% of COVID-19 YLLs were under 44. COVID-19 YLL was 60.9%, whereas 75+ suicide YLL was 2.9% (Ljung et al., 2022).
As an illustration, Shu et al. (2022) indicated that around the globe, more than 800,000 people take their own lives each year, and it's believed that for every suicide that succeeds, 20 or more attempts are made. Model projections showed a global increase in suicide rates of between 0.26 and 1.2%, or an average of 2,135 and 9,570 more suicides per year. This fits nicely with the predicted range of 5,3 to 24,7 million worldwide employment losses attributable to COVID-19.
There were 109,014 distinct tweets detected between February 1, 2020, and February 10, 2021. Once we eliminated the duplicates, the organization tweets, and the tweets that lacked the phrases "COVID-19," "suicide," and "self-harm," Shu et al. (2022) were left with 35,904. The United States accounted for 25.9% of all geotagged tweets, followed by the rest of Europe (11.5%), Asia (5.2%), Australia (2.6%), Africa (1.6%), South America (0.6%), and an unknown location (52.7%) (Shu et al., 2022). Shu et al. (2022) research provided a potential six-category framework for analyzing the 42 issues associated with suicide and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Elon Musk, may I have you develop an algorithm to capture tweets from people who self-harm or want to commit suicide because of COVID-19. Rather, develop an algorithm that generates verification of the tweet and connects that account directly to a suicide hotline, please. On behalf of those without a voice or access to help, we thank you for your support.
Equally important, Washington-Brown et al. (2022) implied that COVID-19 has killed over 2.4 million people globally, including over 500,000 Americans. Florida has about 1.8 million COVID-19 cases and 28.933 deaths as of February 15, 2021. COVID-19-positive schoolchildren between five and seventeen are more concerned. When schools resumed, 277,280 COVID-19 cases per 100,000 were reported in children aged five to seventeen from March to September 2020. Interestingly, the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases among children aged 12 to 17 years (37.4) was nearly double that of those aged 5 to 11 (19.0).
Comparatively, Washington-Brown et al. (2022) examined COVID-19's psychological and physical effects on vulnerable people. Washington-Brown et al. (2022) suggested that children between 5 and 17 are most likely to have poor childhood experiences due to frequent COVID-19 exposure, school closures, forced at-home virtual learning, illness or death of a family member or friend, and financial challenges.
Moreover, Villaveces et al. (2022) asserted that suicide is one of the top five causes of mortality for young people worldwide. It has been rising in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas, with the age group most at risk changing from older to younger. Discrimination, abuse, isolation, violence, and interpersonal conflict increase the likelihood of self-harm, whereas past suicidal behavior, problematic alcohol use, and financial loss or instability are individual risk factors. Losing a parent might increase children's exposure to violence. Parental support and solid family relationships may also affect domestic violence and mental health difficulties. However, evidence from middle-income and low-income nations on community exposures to violence and mental distress or suicide is scarce.
What is your opinion?
Do you know someone who has committed suicide because of COVID-19?
How many women have experienced temporary changes in menstrual volume and menstrual cycle length due to COVID-19?
In your experience, what percentage of women who had the COVID-19 immunizations ended up miscarrying?
References
Alfaro, T., Batiste, A., Duque, A., Felix-Okoroji, B., Marroquin, M., Martinez, R., O'Neal, C., Osazuwa, N., Robinson, K., & Williams, E. (2022). The effect of vaccine hesitancy on racial and ethnic minority children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatric Annals, 51(3), e107-e111. https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20220216-01
Andrasfay, T., & Goldman, N. (2022). Reductions in US life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic by race and ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020? PLoS One, 17(8)https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272973
Barberia, L., Moreira, N. d. P., Carvalho, R. d. J., Oliveira, M. L. C., Rosa, I. S. C., & Zamudio, M. (2022). The relationship between ideology and COVID-19 deaths: What we know and what we still need to know. Brazilian Political Science Review, 16(3), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-3821202200030001
Bayati, M., Noroozi, R., Ghanbari-Jahromi, M., & Faride, S. J. (2022). Inequality in the distribution of covid-19 vaccine: A systematic review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 21, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01729-x
Gu, M., Taylor, B., Pollack, H. A., Schneider, J. A., & Zaller, N. (2022). A pilot study on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in the US. PLoS One, 17(6)https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269320
Hoffman, B. L., Tina, B. H., Kar-Hai Chu, & Sidani, J. E. (2022). Moving vaccination beyond partisan politics. Vaccine, 40(28), 3815-3817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.049
Ljung, R., Grünewald, M., Sundström, A., Sundbom, L. T., & Zethelius, B. (2022). Comparison of years of life lost to 1,565 suicides versus 10,650 COVID-19 deaths in 2020 in sweden: Four times more years of life lost per suicide than per COVID-19 death. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 127 https://doi.org/10.48101/ujms.v127.8533
Nuhu, K., Humagain, K., Alorbi, G., Thomas, S., Blavos, A., & Placide, V. (2022). Global COVID-19 case fatality rates influenced by inequalities in human development and vaccination rates. Discover Social Science and Health, 2(1)https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-022-00022-0
Su, X., Lu, H., Li, X., Luo, M., Li, F., & Zhang, Q. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in periconceptional and lactating women: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open, 12(11)https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059514
Shu, R. L., Qin, X. N., Xin, X., Yu, L. L., Kim Boon, E. S., & Liew, T. M. (2022). Public discourse surrounding suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic: An unsupervised machine learning analysis of twitter posts over a one-year period. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113834
Villaveces, A., Shankar, V., Palomeque, F., Padilla, M., & Kress, H. (2022). Association between violence and mental distress, self-harm and suicidal ideation and attempts among young people in malawi. Injury Prevention, https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044510
Washington-Brown, L., McKinney, Bridget, MS,B.A., PhD.(h), Fair, T. W., White, S. L., B.A., & Washington, Larechia,M.S., B.S. (2021). Psychological impact of covid-19 on inner- city children. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 28(4), 83-87. https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/zh/covidwho-1589858
Yin, O., Parikka, N., Ma, A., Kreniske, P., & Mellins, C. A. (2022). Persistent anxiety among high school students: Survey results from the second year of the COVID pandemic. PLoS One, 17(9)https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275292